Care of the Virginia Opossum
Copyright 2005 © Laura Mowrey - All Rights Reserved
No one may copy or reproduce the contents of this website without written permission of the owner.
So you want a Virginia Opossum as a pet?
Ok, this page is meant for those who perhaps found or were given a baby possum(s) to raise, but who also really don't have any idea what they are getting themselves into.
There is no disputing how cute baby possums are, at least among most folks. And we all know how many adorable pictures can be found on the internet of them, some dressed up or with a ribbon in their hair. So here you are with a baby or babies, and you find yourself deciding to raise them yourself. During this process, at some point you become oh so attached to one or more of them and you tell yourself that you would like to keep one or more as pets.
First off, in almost every state, it is illegal to keep any type of wildlife as a pet unless you have a license or permit to do so. Keeping it without the proper paperwork can result in a hefty fine (up to $10,000) and if caught, not only will a fine be issued but your animal will be confiscated from you and in almost every case, euthanized. Why do they put these animals to sleep? Because they are deemed no longer releasable once you have tamed them. A tame wild animal will not have the survival skills needed to successfully live out in the wild......they won't know how to hunt well, because their human parent fed them a nice meal once or twice a day out of a bowl. They won't have any real fear of humans or dogs and cats because again, they see these things every day and do not perceive them to be a threat......and therefore become easy pickins to the first predator that comes along.
Secondly, it is exceedingly difficult to find a Vet who will treat a possum unless you are a licensed rehabber.....and even then, they are few and far between. At some point your possum will need medical help....what will you do if you have no where to get them medical care?
Another important aspect is raising them correctly.....I cannot stress this enough; if you do not feed a possum correctly from the time he arrives and throughout its lifetime, you will likely cause that animal to develop painful and life threatening conditions like MBD (metabolic bone disease), kidney disease or heart disease. You might not think an animal who is basically a scavenger would have strict dietary requirements, but in fact they really do. MBD can develop within just 1 weeks time of feeding an incorrect diet, especially to a baby or juvenile possum. I have seen it time and time again......even with people who have read this site, and been given exact instructions. Excuse after excuse.....they didn't have the $ to buy Esbilac so they got a cheaper formula, or they couldn't buy some other component that needed to be added to the formula. Everything needs to be made exactly as directed.....to leave something out can and will cause issues. Their diets change at each stage of weight, so you must have a digital scale to track their weight and adhere to the diet protocols for their weight range.
Biting: All that aside.....that cute baby possum who lovingly clings to you now, will grow to be about the size of your average cat.....some get quite a bit larger then your average cat. They have mating cycles where they can become extremely hormonal and a hormonal animal is not a picnic to be around. They want to mate....that is what nature is telling their bodies to do and they get frustrated when they cannot do it. Some possums can get aggressive during this time, some will be prone to biting......it's not generally an aggressive bite, they might simply saunter on up to you and without warning, sink all 50 teeth into your arm or whatever body part is closest to them. Aggressive intent or not, it HURTS and those teeth can do some damage! Some possums will do this at any time, others might just pick one family member to do it to....a few might never do it. I can tell you though, the degree of sweetness a baby has is not an accurate judge of how they may be as fully mature adults.
Possums should never be caged in the sense most people consider caging pets. I have seen more neurotic possums then I can count that people kept in cages. Broken teeth from biting the bars, toe nails getting torn out by their roots, neurotic pacing, obesity from lack of exercise, lethargy from becoming depressed, aggressiveness towards their owners etc. Caging a possum is the equivalent to someone capturing you, placing you in a 8X10 cell FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE. You might get out for a few hours each day but at night they are held captive, which happens to be by nature, their most active time of day. A wild possum will roam endlessly all night long searching for food mostly, or looking to mate......what can they do in a cage all night long? Not much.
Countless people have kept sweet little babies, only to realize their mistake once they get larger....but by that time, the animal has been acclimated to being captive. So what happens then? Some folks simply just let them go either because they want to wash their hands of the responsibility or because they actually think they are doing the animal a favor by "setting it free". The majority of animals who have been acclimated as a pet, will not survive if simply allowed to suddenly be free, at least not without the proper training, and sometimes not even then. So basically you have had your fun with it, but can no longer can handle it and now the animal is released and forced to fend for itself. The flip side of this scenario are the people who become fearful of their pet possum (for whatever reason, usually biting is involved) and stop interacting with them and the animal ends up spending its entire life caged day and night. That's not living, that is simply existing, against their will.....
Please understand, I am not trying to talk anyone out of taking in a possum who needs a home (then again, maybe I am just a little bit). My main focus is to make people aware of what they need to do to care for one properly. I want everyone to go into this with their eyes wide open, for both the sake of the animal as well as yourselves. If you do not have the space or resources to do things correctly, then this is not the animal for you. I have seen so many heartbreaking situations in the 37 years I have been rehabbing this species and after awhile, you just want to start tearing your hair out when people won't listen to you....even well meaning people who love their animals have literally loved them to death by not feeding them or housing them correctly.
The best thing you can do if you find a baby or babies or injured adult, is go online and look up wildlife rehabbers in your area.....I have a page on here with many listings. If you cannot find anyone there, look up Fish and Wildlife or Wildlife Centers in your area. If you happen to live far away from help like this, at the very least, find a rehabber who is willing to guide you thru the process of caring for these babies and use this website as a tool. That's what it is here for.
Here is a quote I have always loved and admired, and with it comes great wisdom:
"You are forever responsible, for what you have tamed".
Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Pet Opossum Legal States 2022
Is The Virginia Opossum considered to be Wildlife?
Opossums are wild animals and are usually considered part of natural wildlife in many states. There are many species of opossum in the United States, including the Virginia Opossum and the Short-Tailed Opossum, both commonly kept as pets. Because opossums are usually considered wildlife, keeping one as a pet is strictly banned in most states. If your state has a ban on owning wildlife as pets, it is usually safe to assume that wildlife includes any species of opossum. Of course, it is always best to consult your local laws and restrictions to ensure that pet opossums are illegal. Some states simply require special permitting or licensing to keep this exotic pet. LAWS CHANGE, so make sure to double check your state.
What States Is It Legal To Have an Opossum?
Although opossums are largely considered wildlife, some states have no restrictions surrounding pet ownership of these animals. Arkansas, Wyoming, and Wisconsin do not require a permit to keep a pet opossum. Oregon does not require a permit if you are keeping a Short-Tailed Opossum as a pet. However, if you plan on keeping a Virginia Opossum as a pet, you will need special permitting.
Most states that allow opossums as a pet also require a special permit. You may be able to own a pet opossum in Colorado, Maine, Indiana, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, and North Dakota with a permit. In Missouri, you can keep an opossum as a pet, but the Virginia Opossum is considered a large carnivore, so large carnivore permitting is needed. In Nebraska, pet owners will need to acquire a captive wildlife permit before keeping an opossum as a pet.
Alabama law prohibits any wildlife protected by law being held in captivity (as in kept as pets.) That includes all game animals, birds and furbearers, including bear, beaver, coyote, deer, opossum, rabbit, raccoon, squirrel, nutria, fox, mountain lion, groundhog, bobcat, Red Wolf, feral swine, and alligator.
What does the Virginia Opossum look like?
This is a normal coloration for a Virginia opossum; black eyes and the fur can be anywhere from almost black, to grey, to even a little brownish.
This is what's called a "Leucitic" Virginia Opossum. The fur is white (or possibly yellowish) and the eyes are black. Its a genetic variation that pops up at times.
This is a true albino Virginia Opossum. Fur is white (or possibly yellowish) and the eyes are pinkish red. A true albino's eyes will always be red. Another genetic variation that pops up occasionally.
Housing a Pet Possum:
Housing: Please consider whether or not you can properly accommodate an animal like this before you take one on. If you have an entire spare room (or more) you can give to a possum to live in, that would be amazing…..but most people don’t have that much room to offer, so let’s discuss what you can do, instead.
You’ve decided you want a possum, or maybe you are taking in a possum who cannot be released due to a health/disability issue. What they are going to live in is important. I tell people who keep an adult possum in what most of us consider to be a typical cage, is like putting an adult human being in a small spare bathroom and telling them its where they can expect to live most of their entire lives. You cannot fit an exercise wheel in a typical cage and most cages allow for very little enrichment ideas because there just isn’t enough space. So, no matter how much time they might spend outside of that cage with you during daytime hours, at night, when most possums are typically up (while you’re sleeping) they have nothing to do but eat and pace in what little space is given to them. I have seen people's possums become neurotic, pacing back and forth, breaking teeth chewing on the bars to get out, and sometimes ripping out a toenail that has gotten stuck on some part of the cage. Wild possums have been tracked and the average distance they cover each night is right around 3 miles. Exercise is important.
Don’t want to build it yourself? The enclosure below would need to have a wired in roof….a tarp would not stop a possum from getting out. This is available thru Tractor Supply Co and its 8X6X4.
Some more examples of habitats some
people have built...
Disabled Possum??? If you have a disabled possum in your care, I can help you with some design ideas to create a habitat that will accommodate him or her as well.
This is a 48" exercise wheel made by: One Fast Cat
Currently they cost $249.00. To purchase, go to OneFastCat.com
Potty Training:
Most possums are easy to potty train. Start with babies as soon as they can walk around and eyes are open. For small babies I use those plastic round dishes that go under house plants, for larger possums or litters, I use the extra large cafeteria trays. These trays cost roughly $8.00 on Amazon. They are low-sided so its easy for them to walk on and off, and they cannot flip these trays over like they can a cat litter box. Super easy to clean as well.
Whatever you use, line it with damp paper towels because possums prefer to "go" where its damp.
This is an example of one of those water catchers you place under potted plants. Depending on the size, they run around $4.00. Good for one or 2 small babies.
This is the cafeteria tray. $8.00 on Amazon for the largest one they carry. These work REALLY well.
Vet Care: Sooner or later, your possum is going to need medical attention. Sadly, many people do not have a Vet who will see a possum. They are wildlife, not a domestic pet. We get messages from people freaking out because something is wrong with their possum, no Vet will see them and they are desperate for help. Sometimes we can find help for them, other times not. It’s heartbreaking to know an animal needs help but there is nothing that can be done. And many times, something as simple as the proper antibiotic will save that animals life. Other times they may need much more. What is your plan for when your possum needs medical attention? Do you have access to those resources?
Legalities: It is legal in some states to have a possum, in most, it is not. Some states stipulate how many you can have and that they must be spayed or neutered. It’s up to you to check on the laws and regulations of your state.
Educational Animal: It could be worth checking into what it would involve in your state to have a permit to have a possum as an educational animal. This would involve your having to take your possum around to x-number of venues to educate people about this remarkable species.
Breeders: Augh, I HATE this subject, but mentioning it anyway. There are exotic breeders out there that legally sell baby possums. I have no idea how it works or what it entails to buy a baby possum from a breeder and taking it into another state. I hate that anyone is even allowed to breed and sell these types of animals. If your state says they are illegal to own as pets, I am not sure just because you bought one from a licensed breeder in another state, if that is going to make any difference if your caught with one in yours.
Aggression (Kids and Pets): As stated earlier, some adult possums get aggressive, especially during mating season…almost all possums nip or bite occasionally, even in a non-aggressive way, and they have 50 teeth, so it hurts, regardless of the intent behind the bite. They should not be trusted around other pets or small kids…..don’t get me wrong, some possums remain very docile and laid back, but I have known enough people whose free-roaming possums killed a pet bird, or a pet guinea pig etc. It happens. Its also possible that your dog or even a cat, could harm them. One gal, who’s very sweet and normally very tolerant dog turned around one day and bit her possum after the possum had given the dog a somewhat playful bite on his tail. It happened right in front of her and it happened so quick she didn’t have time to stop it. The possum sustained permanent nerve damage to his front leg. Please don’t let the videos some people post of super friendly and docile possums cuddling up to other household pets color your judgement because it doesn’t always work out that way.
Help, my baby no longer wants anything to do with me! It happens. Sweet, docile babies can sometimes simply wild up no matter how much love and attention you lavished on them when they were younger. Please, if this ever happens to you, go thru the steps you’d go thru to wild up a young possum, (or send them a rehabber who can), release them when they’re ready and let them be wild. It will hurt your heart, but ultimately, it has got to be what is best for them. An animal that wants to be free but is forced to live in captivity will be miserable. (Refer to the Intake to Release page on this website).